Contracts Created Electronic Means Remained

Question: Examine about the Report for Contracts Created by Electronic Means. Answer: Presentation: The specific second when the agreement hosts been made between the gatherings when the agreement is made through electronic has stayed a significant issue. The requirement for choosing the specific snapshot of the arrangement of an agreement will consistently stay exceptionally critical. The presentation of the agreement might be referenced to the second when the agreement was shaped, and similarly, the spot of the development of the agreement is significant when the pertinent locale must be chosen if there should be an occurrence of a question between the gatherings. Anyway the ongoing enactment, Electronic Transactions Act, 1999 has not completely answers these issues. For sure, the lawful intercession around there, both at the neighborhood just as on the global level has been intentionally cautious in regards to the subject. Halfway this has been because of the explanation that it ought not meddle with the national law that applies to the agreement development (Stellard Pty Ltd An or v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd., 2015). Nonetheless, in spite of this pattern over the globe, the United States has, in any event mostly, enacted on this inquiry as Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act. Anyway separated from this enactment, the inquiry with respect to the arrangement of an agreement made by the gatherings through electronic methods remains completely in the domain of precedent-based law and there is a chance of the utilization of the out of date postal acknowledgment rule to such specialized technique. Anyway so as to manage the issue of agreements made through electronic methods, these agreements must be considered with regards to the essential rules that are connected with the arrangement of agreement (Burns and Hutchinson, 2009). Law and legally binding acknowledgment: as indicated by the normal standard, an agreement isn't made between the gatherings and the offer isn't acknowledged except if the other party has imparted the acknowledgment of the offer. Along these lines, the significant second related with the development of an agreement is that of acknowledgment. This is the second when it very well may be said that an agreement hosts been shaped between the gatherings. Because of the basic pretended by acknowledgment in the arrangement of an agreement, by and large is required by the law that the gathering ought to really convey the acknowledgment to the gathering making the offer. Considering the necessity of genuine correspondence, there can be no uncertainty that both the gatherings to the agreement are in understanding in regards to its terms and simultaneously, the gatherings are likewise mindful of the way that their commitments under the agreement have started (Schiano, 2004). Be that as it may, ce rtain exemptions and adjustments are available to the standard of real correspondence of acknowledgment which affect when and where the agreement is made between the gatherings. Taking into account the effect of this standard itself, just as its various alterations, there are sure genuine ramifications for the gatherings that are attempting to make an agreement utilizing electronic methods (Carter and Harland, 1993). Time and spot in the development of an agreement: As referenced over, the law thinks about that the agreement is framed between the gatherings exactly when the acknowledgment of the offer happens. In the current research paper, the attention is on to resulting impacts, the time and the spot of acknowledgment or as such, the time and spot of the agreement development. This is otherwise called when and where questions. Time: The specific time of the development of an agreement can be essential as a rule. For example, on the off chance that it hosts been concurred between the gatherings that a thing will be bought at showcase value that will be resolved based on the arrangement of the agreement, it gets important to pinpoint precisely when the agreement is shaped between the gatherings. Similarly, the planning of the development of the agreement can likewise be significant to determine whether, for instance a specific obligation is pertinent to buy or an administration refund can be guaranteed by the buyer (Cornwilaw, 2006). If there should arise an occurrence of the arrangements and the development of an agreement utilizing electronic conceptualizing isn't extremely hard to envision the worldwide situations where it gets indispensable to precisely discover the specific second when the agreement has been framed. Along these lines extending from exchanging fates to a basic buy that has been made to the Internet, discovering the specific snapshot of acknowledgment and thusly, the specific snapshot of the arrangement of the agreement may straightforwardly impact the cost paid by the gatherings or all the more for the most part, the rights and commitments of the gatherings emerging under the agreement (Starke, Seddon and Ellinghaus, 1992). So as to obviously exhibit this point, a model can be given of a basic acquisition of offers made through email. In such a case, typically the cost paid for the offers is resolved when the agreement is shaped between the gatherings (Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation, 1955). Thusly by applying the essential standards of agreement law, this will mean the second when the acknowledgment has been given. In such a case, an email will be sent by the buyer in which an offer will be made by the offers and an email will be sent by the dealer in which the acknowledgment of the offer will be imparted. Anyway what will occur if between the hour of sending the acknowledgment email and the genuine receipt of the acknowledgment by the offeror, there is a sensational increment in the cost of the offers being referred to. The effect on the value that must be paid for these offers will be significant, contingent upon the way that the agreement can be considered to have been framed when the ackno wledgment was sent or when the email containing the acknowledgment was the gotten. Hence it again uncovers the noteworthiness of discovering the specific second at which the agreement hosts been shaped between the gatherings (Forder and Svantesson, 2008). Spot: The moment of acknowledgment is significant not just for the hour of the arrangement of the agreement yet additionally for the spot of the development of the agreement. If there should arise an occurrence of basic agreements, the second acknowledgment happens, is considered as the snapshot of the development of the agreement, in regards to when the agreement was made as well as in regards to where the agreement was made. Along these lines, where the acknowledgment has occurred likewise viewed as where the agreement was shaped between the gatherings. This circumstance has purview outcomes if there should arise an occurrence of any resulting prosecution between the gatherings. The law gives that so as to have locale in an activity in contract by a court, it is necessitated that the agreement ought to be either made inside the purview; administered by the law of the gathering or it ought to have been broken inside the ward of the court. In setting of the current research paper, it is the first of these capabilities that is the most applicable. So as to build up that a specific court has locale if there should be an occurrence of an activity dependent on an agreement that was shaped to email, it must be set up that the acknowledgment of the offer includes occurred inside the ward of such a court (Gatt, 1998). Indeed this shows the noteworthiness of recognizing the specific snapshot of the acknowledgment of the offer. If there should arise an occurrence of the agreements that are made utilizing email, it isn't evident whether the acknowledgment has occurred when the acknowledgment was sent by the offeree or it is considered to have occurred when the equivalent is gotten by the offeror. Anyway the jurisdictional results in both the cases are critical. A model in such manner can be given of an offer of products were the agreement hosts been shaped between the gatherings utilizing email. On the off chance that it very well may be considered in such a case, that offer has been made incidentally, and the acknowledgment has been made by the merchant, the sending of acknowledgment by the dealer will be the basic exchange. On the off chance that it is viewed as that the acknowledgment happens in the acknowledgment rather, in such a case the purchaser's discussion will be applicable ward however th e contrary will be valid in the event that it is inferred that the agreement is framed right now of the real receipt of the acknowledgment (Graw, 2005). The postal acknowledgment rule: This standard gives a special case to the general principle as indicated by which, the acknowledgment must be imparted to the offeror with the end goal of agreement development. Anyway the standard has been grown almost 2 centuries back to manage the apparent issues when the agreements were framed by the gatherings utilizing post. Along these lines as per the postal acknowledgment decide it is viewed as that the agreement is finished and restricting when the acknowledgment is posted rather than when it is really gotten by the other party. Anyway it is as yet not satisfactory if the postal acknowledgment rule will be relevant if there should be an occurrence of the agreements made through messages. It very well may be guaranteed that in any event adroitly, snail mail and email are the equivalent. In both these cases, the sender 'posts' the correspondence through outsider and shows up in the letter box of the beneficiary and the message isn't really perused until such correspondence ha s been opened by the beneficiary. In the event that the postal standard is applied to email exchanges, the outcome will be that an agreement will be shaped between the gatherings when the acceptor/offeree presses the send button rather than the second when the acknowledgment has been gotten by the offeror. Along these lines in such a case, the time and spot of the agreement will be when and where the acknowledgment has been sent. However, the contentions that are made on the side of the postal acknowledgment rule are not material to email. Most altogether, there is no constant deferral in posting and the receipt of the email. These methods of correspondence are suitable reevaluated as immediate and in this way, the guidelines related with virtua

Investors Gain New Clout Essay Example for Free

Financial specialists Gain New Clout Essay From the numerous issues currently being experienced by the US in their economy and the manner in which they direct their organizations, lawmakers and different gatherings are going to better approaches to improve the old framework and pull America’s economy out of its droop. The most recent among these moves is the move by the authoritative to give investors more force and control in setting and removing individuals from the governing body. This move has become an issue because of the move in power as far as whose intrigue is supported by the decision. There are a few distinct interests that exist in an organization particularly when people and gatherings inside it decide. There are investor premiums, representative premiums, the board premiums and partner premiums that contention with one another. The present issue features the contentions that emerge between the interests of the administration and the investors just as the various premiums of the investors themselves. This is the place the conflict starts. From one viewpoint, the individuals who endorse of the new decision keep up that their advantages are being maintained particularly on the grounds that they are the ones who put resources into the business. This advances their fundamental enthusiasm of the association prevailing in the long haul as a result of the speculations they have placed into the business. While the past decision impairs little investors, this new standard gives them voice through the procedure of â€Å"proxy access† as long as they have at any rate 3% of the controlling stock. This will empower them to communicate their dispute and disappointment in the board individuals and remove them particularly on the off chance that they imagine that the activities of the board are not suitable. Then again, the interests of the administration, will be tested by the new decision and could bring about issues in execution and productivity. While the defendability and the apparent negative impacts of this decision are contestable, one thing is clear: huge business that infuriated their financial specialists would go under tension and could wind up reexamining their techniques. An observable thing about this change is the obvious relativity on how majority rule government is seen. Prior to the decision, numerous chiefs filled in as the marking body for the CEOs and other high positioning officials they are entrusted to manage. This brings into light the evident control of CEOs and different officials paying little mind to how the proprietors of the organization feel about their choices. With proprietors at last having a proportion of control to a reasonable and unbiased chance to choose free chiefs, numerous things are going to change in companies beginning with both the board and top administration centering, rather, on serving the interests of the investors as their need. With the democratization of the investors as they are given more force, numerous in the executives will consider such to be methodology as a bane as opposed to the aid they have constantly seen it to be. Business roundtables, so as to shroud their endeavors at slanting the corporate political race procedures to support the company over considerable investor premiums, have attempted to stop such democratization of intensity inside their frameworks. In any case, their endeavors have as of late been bested by the â€Å"proxy access† rule. The new decision has made corporate executives straightforwardly responsible to the activities of the organization. This will result (in any event hypothetically) the improvement of exhibitions of the chiefs except if they need to be removed from office and supplanted by free up-and-comers picked by the investors who are against their presentation. This force is, be that as it may, a twofold edged blade. Propelling the interests of investors who, among themselves, have various premiums could end up being an excessively bureaucratic and bulky procedure where all sides would should be conciliated so as to cause no one’s fury and be excused from the position they have been holding. With as meager as 3%holding offers, corporate chiefs will host numerous gatherings to conciliate, which will expect them to be extremely powerful and appealling, just as having a general decent exhibition, in the event that they need to remain on the board.

Why Addiction Is Considered a Chronic Brain Disease

Why Addiction Is Considered a Chronic Brain Disease Addiction Alcohol Use Print Why Addiction Is Considered a Chronic Brain Disease By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 27, 2019 Witthaya Prasongsin / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Addiction is a chronic brain disease thats more about the neurology of the brain than the outward manifestations of behavioral problems and poor choices, according to a group of addiction medicine professionals. In April 2011, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) released its new Definition of Addiction, which, for the first time, extends addiction to include behaviors other than problematic substance abuse. A group of 80 addiction experts worked for four years to arrive at the new definition of addiction  and concluded that addiction is about the underlying neurology of the brainâ€"not about outward behavior. Addiction Alters Your Brains Reward System Addiction affects your brains reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry to the extent that your motivations are altered so that your addictive behaviors replace healthy, self-care behaviors. The brains reward system is also altered in such a way that the memory of previous rewardsâ€"be it food, sex, or drugsâ€"can trigger a biological and behavioral response to engage in the addictive behavior again, in spite of negative consequences, and sometimes even though you no longer even find pleasure in the activity. Impulse Control Is Also Altered Addiction also affects the frontal cortex of your brain in such a way as to alter your  impulse control and judgment. This results in the pathological pursuit of rewards, ASAM says when addicts return to their addictive behavior in order to feel normal. The frontal cortex is involved in inhibiting impulsivity and delaying gratification. Because this area of the brain continues to develop into young adulthood, the ASAM experts believe this is why early-onset exposure to substances is linked to the later development of addiction. Characteristics of Addiction According to the ASAM definition, addiction is characterized by: Inability to consistently abstainImpairment in behavioral controlCraving or increased “hunger” for drugs or rewarding experiencesDiminished recognition of problems with your  behaviors and relationshipsA dysfunctional emotional response Other Features of Addictive Behavior These conditions are also commonly present in addiction: Cravings and addictive  behaviors are triggered by external cuesA risk of relapse even after long periods of abstinenceResistance to change despite increasing problems Impaired Control and Judgment Problems ASAM says that behavioral manifestations and complications of addiction, due to impaired control, can include: Engaging in more addictive behavior than you intendedIncreased time lost from work or schoolContinued substance use despite physical or psychological consequencesNarrowing of your addictive behavior repertoire; for instance, you only drink one brand of a certain type of alcoholLack of readiness to get help, despite admitting a problem Addiction Can Cause Cognitive Changes Cognitive changes in addiction can include: Preoccupation with the substance or addictive behaviorAn altered sense of the pros and cons of addictive behaviorsA false belief that your problems are not predictable consequences of addiction Addiction Can Cause Emotional Changes ASAM believes emotional changes in addiction can include: Increased anxiety, dysphoria, and emotional painSituations seeming more stressful than they really areDifficulty identifying and expressing feelings The Reason for a New Definition of Addiction In the past, diagnosis of addiction has focused on outward manifestations of a persons behaviors, which can be observed and confirmed by standardized questionnaires. The new definition of addiction instead focuses on whats going on inside you, in your brain. The experts at ASAM hope their new definition leads to a better understanding of the disease process, which they say is biological, psychological, social, and spiritual in its manifestation. Addiction can manifest itself in many behaviors beyond substance abuse. The Implications for Treatment Traditionally, people with addictions have sought and received treatment for a particular substance or behavior. This has sometimes resulted in the person substituting one addiction for anotherâ€"what ASAM calls the pathological pursuit of rewardsâ€"because the underlying cause was not treated. ASAM suggests that comprehensive addiction treatment should focus on all active and potential substances and behaviors that could be addictive. ASAM was careful to point out that the fact that addiction is a primary, chronic brain disease does not absolve addicts from taking responsibility for their behaviors. Just as people with heart disease or diabetes have to take personal responsibility for managing their illness, if you have an addiction, you also must take the steps necessary to minimize your  chance of relapse, ASAM said.

Presentation on Cohabitation and Case Studies - 763 Words

Presentation Co-Habition 15’ I. Intro (HÆ °ng): 1. Introduce the group 2. What is Cohabittion? Cohabitation is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an intimate relationship, particularly an emotionally and/or sexually intimate one, on a long-term or permanent basis. II. Body (Nhà  n, Há º ¡c, Cà ºc, Trà ­): 1. Advantages (Nhà  n, Trà ­) i. Protesting the Institution of Marriage * Despite religious, cultural and legal biases against non-traditional unions, more and more Americans are accepting of unions between two men or two women. In fact, according to an April 2011 CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll, 51 percent of Americans think gays and lesbians should have the same legal rights as†¦show more content†¦* No Ceremony: Some non-religious people choose to cohabitate because they do not regard the religious or legal ceremony of marriage to be that important. For these people, a union between two people is not stronger simply because a priest or state officiant formally acknowledges the union. If a couple regards marriage as a m ere formality, then cohabitating can be a more desirable option. Read more: The Advantages of Cohabitation in Couples | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8448460_advantages-cohabitation-couples.html#ixzz2FkIfKOxU 2. Disadvantages (Há º ¡c, Cà ºc) i. Higher risk of divorce: Cohabitors who do marry are more at risk for subsequent divorce than those who did not cohabit before marriage. In the United States the risk of divorce is 50 percent higher for cohabitors than for non-cohabitors. The divorce rate is even higher with previously married cohabitors and serial cohabitors (those who have had several cohabiting experiences). There are some indications that the divorce rate is higher for couples who live together for a longer period of time, especially over three years. ii. Less satisfactory adiustments in marriage: In a study cited by the bishops— committee, cohabitors generally report lower satisfaction with marriage after they marry than do non-cohabitors. There are indications that some living-together couples have more problematic, lower-quality relationships with more individual and couple problems than non-cohabitors.Show MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Lung Cancer Essay1334 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesevidence right now that currently show that secondhand smoke alone can cause lung cancer by itself. This means that we need to encourage studies that are accurate with only secondhand smoke as the center, but this doesn’t mean that secondhand smoke doesn’t cause lung cancer the only reason that it can’t be considered as a cause right now because there is no definite study that shows it does. 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The Global Issue Of Population Growth - 979 Words

Beyond a doubt we urgently need to address the devastating global issue of population growth in the United States America before we destroy our planet. We are facing many devastating economic problems, such as pollution, global warming, education, but the most critical is overconsumption. Overpopulation is a huge problem in the United States of America, which is causing us to run out of natural resources. The human race is already too large and is destroying the natural systems that support us. There are many solutions to this problem, but the common factor is controlling the human race. What can we do as a society to help contribute to controlling the population growth? â€Å"The United States is the most overpopulated country in the world† (Ehrlich). Let’s first discuss what is considered to be overpopulated? Overpopulation is â€Å"The condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary.com, 2011). The growing rate of population in America is becoming exceeding extreme and dangerous. â€Å"The rate of Arije 2 population increase, now approximately 1.7 percent a year will decline to a little less than 1 percent sometime between the years 2020-2025† (Ehrlich). The more people added on to this earth the more resources we will have to useShow MoreRelatedThe Global Issue Of Population Growth960 Words   |  4 PagesBeyond a doubt we urgently need to address the devastating global issue of population growth in the United States America before we destroy our planet. We are facing many devastating economic problems, such as pollution, global warming, education, but the most critical is overconsumption. 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Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson Free Essays

Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson is not only amongst the all-time greatest basketball players, but he is also a well-respected philanthropist. This essay discusses his early career, major career achievements, being diagnosed with AIDS, and philanthropic work. Magic Johnson’s glorious basketball career began as a student at the Michigan State University. We will write a custom essay sample on Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson or any similar topic only for you Order Now He led the team to a National Championship title in 1979. Johnson’s skill qualified him to play at the National Basketball Association (NBA). While playing with the Lakers, the team won five NBA championships and participated in nine NBA finals. He was honored by being named the NBA Most Valuable Player three times. Johnson also played on the U. S. A. Olympic team that won the gold medal in the year 1992. In 2002, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. He was particularly known for his excellent passing skills. Johnson’s match winning performance in the 1980 NBA finals is an integral part of basketball history. He received several honors including being selected as a member of the All-Time team for NBA’s 50th anniversary in 1997 (NBA Encyclopedia). On October 25, 1991, his doctors told Johnson that he had the HIV virus. Says Johnson, â€Å"That was the hardest day of my life. After I got myself off the ground, I decided to have a positive attitude (NBA Legend).† Two weeks later, on November 7, 1991, Johnson announced to the world at a press conference organized by the Lakers about his affliction. At the conference, he said that he would not give up to the disease easily and would battle it. He announced that he would become a spokesman about HIV. As the doctors had advised him not to play basketball any longer, Johnson announced his retirement from basketball. Johnson decided that he would use his fame and his status as an icon for millions of people to educate the youth about HIV. One month after his diagnosis, he started the Magic Johnson Foundation. According to a research conducted by Pollock (426), the revelation of Magic Johnson had changed the attitude of people about AIDS and influenced them to alter their behavior in order to avoid the virus. The foundation has raised millions of dollars to build four modern clinics for people afflicted with AIDS. Free HIV/AIDS testing has been provided to approximately 38,000 people across America through the â€Å"I Stand with Magic† program. The foundation has helped nearly 280,000 people understand the risk factors of contacting HIV. The foundation also provides educational and medical help to children and young adults. The foundation has opened 20 Community Empowerment Centers in underserved communities (Magic Johnson Foundations). When Hurricane Katrina occurred, the foundation partnered with various grocery and drugstores, provided prescriptions and groceries to victims. The renowned basketball player also stated that he would find ways to generate jobs to those who have been displaced by Katrina (Tucker 1). Magic Johnson received the USA Today’s National Hero Award for his contribution to the society through the Magic Johnson Foundation. Magic Johnson is also an active businessman. He runs a company called Magic Johnson Enterprises (MJE). MJE has several businesses in its portfolio, which include Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund, SodexhoMagic, Aetna, and BestBuy, 30 Burger King restaurants, Magic Johnson Theaters, and a dozen sports centers. The company aims to provide products and services to ethnically diverse communities and minorities (Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson Biography). Even after 17 years of being diagnosed with HIV, he has not developed AIDS. Magic Johnson can be called a self-made success story and a great sportsman and social worker who has selflessly used his iconic status to help countless people lead a better life. Work Cited About the Foundation. Magic Johnson Foundation. 10 May 2008 http://mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/foundation/aboutthefoundation/accomplishments/. Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson Biography. Magic Johnson Foundation. 12 May 2008 http://mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/enterprises/ourteam/leadership/earvin/ NBA Encyclopedia. NBA Media Ventures. 9 May 2008 http://www.nba.com/history/players/johnsonm_bio.html. NBA legend â€Å"Magic† Johnson delights CU crowd. (February 1998). Cornell Chronicle. 12 May 2008 http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/98/2.19.98/Magic.html Pollock III, Philip H. â€Å"Issues, values, and critical moments: Did `Magic’ Johnson transform public opinion on AIDS?† American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994): 426. Tucker, Laura. â€Å"Business Hero: Magic Johnson.† 5 May 2008 ;http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=Magic_05;. How to cite Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson, Essay examples

Runaway Teens Cause and Effect free essay sample

II The first cause of runaway teens are children own emotional problems. Depression. Problems with school, relationships, picked on or even beaten up, weight, and looks. III Dysfunctional, neglectful, or abusive family environment is also a cause for runaway. 1. Parents involved in illegal activity. Taking pills, smoking weed, stealing, breaking the law etc. 2. Parental relationships. Remarriage, divorce, more than one partner. 3. Parent attitude toward child. Hitting, no attention, strict, physical or mental abuse. IV Last but not least, personal problems. 1. Peer pressure. Gang relationship, bet, dares, relationship pressure. 2. Illegal activity not allowed at home. Gang relationship, drug use. 3. Relationships. Parents disagree with friends, not allowed to date, met someone online. Story: A girl was in a relationship with Butler on the internet and with a cell phone even after her parents found out and tried to stop her. He picked her up on a saturday evening to runaway as man and wife. We will write a custom essay sample on Runaway Teens Cause and Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When she had second thoughts she sent text messages with the description of the car to her sister, enabling state police to catch the man. The relationship went on for a year before she decided to leave with him. She was only a few years younger than her, though Butler knew she was underage. This story shows how dangerous running away is. A million things could have happened to her just because she thought she loved him and made a wrong decision. VI With every action there are consequences. The National Network for Youth had one study were fifty one percent of runaway youth reported physical abuse. They also say fifty to fifty six percent of homeless teenagers report mental health problems over their lifetime. The National Network for Youth have also found that sixty six percent of males and thirty three percent of females report being assaulted on the street and that huge numbers are victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Runaway teens are six to twelve times more likely to become infected with HIV than their at-home peers. The Department of Health and Human Services says that up to forty percent have been sexually molested. Staff at runaway and homeless youth shelters say sixty three percent of the runaways the work with are depressed; fifty percent have trouble with school; twenty percent abuse drugs and alcohol; and seventeen percent have been in the juvenile justice system. One survey found that twenty six percent of those on the street have attempted suicide and nearly one-third of shelter youth have attempted suicide. Nearly half the young women on the street and one-third of the girls in shelters report having been pregnant in the past. Also, some teenagers sometimes turn to illegal and dangerous choices to survive. More than one-third of homeless teens engage in survival sex, or trading sex for: money, food, shelter, drugs, and other subsistence needs. Almost as many report dealing drugs or engaging in other criminal activities to survive on the street.

Hawaiis Volcanic Hot Spot

Hawaiis Volcanic Hot Spot Under the Hawaiian Islands, there is a volcanic â€Å"hot spot,† a hole in the Earth’s crust that allows lava to surface and layer. Over millions of years, these layers form mountains of volcanic rock that eventually break the surface of the Pacific Ocean, forming islands. As the Pacific Plate very slowly moves across the hot spot, new islands are formed. It took 80 million years to create the current chain of Hawaiian islands. Discovering the Hot Spot In 1963, John Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian geophysicist, introduced a contentious theory. He hypothesized there was a hot spot under the Hawaiian Islands - a mantle plume of concentrated geothermal heat that melted rock and rose up as magma through fractures under the Earth’s crust. At the time they were introduced, Wilson’s ideas were very controversial and many dubious geologists were not accepting theories of plate tectonics or hot spots. Some researchers thought that volcanic areas were only in the middle of plates and not at subduction zones. However, Dr. Wilson’s hot spot hypothesis helped to solidify the plate tectonics argument. He provided evidence that the Pacific Plate has been slowly drifting over a deep-seated hot spot for 70 million years, leaving behind the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain of more than 80 extinct, dormant, and active volcanoes. Wilson’s Evidence Wilson worked diligently to find evidence and tested volcanic rock samples from each volcanic island in the Hawaiian Islands. He found that the oldest weathered and eroded rocks on a geological time scale were on Kauai, the northernmost island, and that rocks on the islands were gradually younger as he went south. The youngest rocks were on the southernmost Big Island of Hawaii, which is actively erupting today. The ages of the Hawaiian Islands gradually decrease as seen in the list below: Niihau and Kauai (5.6 - 3.8 million years old).Oahu (3.4 - 2.2 million years old)Molokai (1.8 - 1.3 million years old)Maui (1.3 - 0.8 years old)Big Island of Hawaii (less than 0.7 million years old) and it is still expanding. The Pacific Plate Conveys the Hawaiian Islands Wilson’s research proved that the Pacific Plate has been moving and carrying the Hawaiian Islands northwest off the hot spot. It moves at a rate of four inches a year. The volcanoes are conveyed away from the stationary hot spot; thus, as they move farther away they become older and more eroded and their elevation decreases. Interestingly, about 47 million years ago, the path of the Pacific Plate changed direction from north to northwest. The reason for this is unknown, but it might have been because of India colliding with Asia at approximately the same time. The Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain Geologists now know the ages of the undersea volcanoes of the Pacific. In the farthest northwest reaches of the chain, the underwater Emperor Seamounts (extinct volcanoes) are between 35-85 million years old and they are highly eroded. These submersed volcanoes, peaks, and islands extend 3,728 miles (6,000 kilometers) from the Loihi Seamount near the Big Island of Hawaii, all the way to the Aleutian Ridge in the northwest Pacific. The oldest seamount, Meiji, is 75-80 million years old, whereas the Hawaiian Islands are the youngest volcanoes - and a very small part of this vast chain. Right Under the Hot-Spot: Hawaii’s Big Island Volcanoes At this very moment, the Pacific Plate is moving over a localized source of heat energy, namely, the stationary hot spot, so active calderas continually flow and erupt periodically on the Big Island of Hawaii. The Big Island has five volcanoes that are connected together – Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea. The northwestern part of the Big Island ceased erupting 120,000 years ago, whereas Mauna Kea, the volcano in the southwest part of the Big Island erupted only 4,000 years ago. Hualalai had its last eruption in 1801. Land is continually being added to the Big Island of Hawai’i because lava that flows from its shield volcanoes is deposited on the surface. Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on Earth, is the most massive mountain in the world because it occupies an area of 19,000 cubic miles (79,195.5 cubic km). It rises 56,000 feet (17,069 m), which is 27,000 feet (8,229.6 km) higher than Mount Everest. It is also one of the world’s most active volcanoes having erupted 15 times since 1900. Its most recent eruptions were in 1975 (for one day) and in 1984 (for three weeks). It could erupt again at any time. Since Europeans arrived, Kilauea has erupted 62 times and after it erupted in 1983 it stayed active. It is the Big Island’s youngest volcano, in the shield forming stage, and it erupts from its large caldera (bowl-shaped depression) or from its rift zones (gaps or fissures). Magma from the Earth’s mantle rises to a reservoir about one-half to three miles under Kilauea’s summit, and pressure builds up in the magma reservoir. Kilauea releases sulfur dioxide from vents and craters - and lava flows onto the island and into the sea. South of Hawaii, about 21.8 mi (35 km) off the coast of the Big Island, the youngest submarine volcano, Loihi, is rising from the sea floor. It last erupted in 1996, which is very recent in geological history. It is actively venting hydrothermal fluids from its summit and rift zones. Rising up about 10,000 feet above the ocean floor to within 3,000 feet of the water surface, Loihi is in the submarine, pre-shield stage. In accordance with the hot spot theory, if it continues to grow, it might be the next Hawaiian Island in the chain. The Evolution of a Hawaiian Volcano Wilson’s findings and theories have increased knowledge about the genesis and life cycle of hot spot volcanoes and plate tectonics. This has helped to guide contemporary scientists and future exploration. It is now known, that the heat of the Hawaiian hot spot creates fluid molten rock that consists of liquefied rock, dissolved gas, crystals, and bubbles. It originates deep below the earth in the asthenosphere, which is viscous, semi-solid and pressurized with heat. There are huge tectonic plates or slabs that glide over this plastic-like asthenosphere. Due to the geothermal hot spot energy, the magma or molten rock (which is not as dense as the surrounding rocks), rises through fractures from under the crust. The magma rises and pushes its way through the tectonic plate of the lithosphere (the rigid, rocky, outer crust), and it erupts on the ocean floor to create a seamount or underwater volcanic mountain. The seamount or volcano erupts under the sea for hundreds of thousands of years and then the volcano rises above the sea level. A large amount of lava is added to the pile, making a volcanic cone that eventually sticks out above the floor of the ocean - and a new island is created. The volcano keeps growing until the Pacific Plate carries it away from the hot spot. Then the volcanic eruptions cease to erupt because there is no longer a lava supply. The extinct volcano then erodes to become an island atoll and then a coral atoll (ring shaped reef). As it continues to sink and erode, it becomes a seamount or guyot, a flat underwater tablemount, no longer seen above the water’s surface. Summary Overall, John Tuzo Wilson provided some concrete evidence and deeper insight into the geological processes above and below the surface of the Earth. His hot spot theory, derived from studies of the Hawaiian Islands, is now accepted, and it helps people understand some ever-changing elements of volcanism and plate tectonics. Hawaii’s undersea hot spot is the impetus for dynamic eruptions, leaving behind rocky remnants that continually enlarge the island chain. While older seamounts are declining, younger volcanoes are erupting, and new stretches of lava land is forming.

The Theory of Relativity and the Speed of Light

The Theory of Relativity and the Speed of Light One commonly known fact in physics is that you cannot move faster than the speed of light. While thats basically true, its also an over-simplification. Under the theory of relativity, there are actually three ways that objects can move: At the speed of lightSlower than the speed of lightFaster than the speed of light Moving at the Speed of Light One of the key insights that Albert Einstein used to develop his theory of relativity was that light in a vacuum always moves at the same speed. The particles of light, or  photons, therefore move at the speed of light. This is the only speed at which photons can move. They cant ever speed up or slow down. (Note: Photons do change speed when they pass through different materials. This is how refraction occurs, but its the photons absolute speed in a vacuum that cannot change.) In fact, all of the bosons move at the speed of light, so far as we can tell. Slower Than the Speed of Light The next major set of particles (so far as we know, all of the ones that arent bosons) move slower than the speed of light. Relativity tells us that it is physically impossible to ever accelerate these particles fast enough to reach the speed of light. Why is this? It actually amounts to some basic mathematical concepts. Since these objects contain mass, relativity tells us that the equation kinetic energy of the object, based on its velocity, is determined by the equation: Ek m0(ÃŽ ³ - 1)c2Ek m0c2 / square root of (1 - v2/c2) - m0c2 Theres a lot going on in the above equation, so lets unpack those variables: ÃŽ ³ is the Lorentz factor, which is a scale factor that shows up repeatedly in relativity. It indicates the change in different quantities, such as mass, length, and time, when objects are moving. Since ÃŽ ³ 1 / / square root of (1 - v2/c2), this is what causes the different look of the two equations shown.m0 is the rest mass of the object, obtained when it has a velocity of 0 in a given frame of reference.c is the speed of light in free space.v is the velocity at which the object is moving. The relativistic effects are only noticeably significant for very high values of v, which is why these effects could be ignored for long before Einstein came along. Notice the denominator which contains the variable v (for velocity). As the velocity gets closer and closer to the speed of light (c), that v2/c2 term will get closer and closer to 1 ... which means that the value of the denominator (the square root of 1 - v2/c2) will get closer and closer to 0. As the denominator gets smaller, the energy itself gets larger and larger, approaching infinity. Therefore, when you try to accelerate a particle nearly to the speed of light, it takes more and more energy to do it. Actually accelerating to the speed of light itself would take an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible. By this reasoning, no particle that is moving slower than the speed of light can ever reach the speed of light (or, by extension, go faster than the speed of light). Faster Than the Speed of Light So what about if we did have a particle that moves faster than the speed of light. Is that even possible? Strictly speaking, it is possible. Such particles, called tachyons, have shown up in some theoretical models, but they almost always end up being removed because they represent a fundamental instability in the model. To date, we have no experimental evidence to indicate that tachyons do exist. If a tachyon did exist, it would always move faster than the speed of light. Using the same reasoning as in the case of slower-than-light particles, you can prove that it would take an infinite amount of energy to slow a tachyon down to light speed. The difference is that, in this case, you end up with the v-term being slightly greater than one, which means the number in the square root is a negative. This results in an imaginary number, and its not even conceptually clear what having an imaginary energy would really mean. (No, this is not dark energy.) Faster Than Slow Light As I mentioned earlier, when light goes from a vacuum into another material, it slows down. It is possible that a charged particle, such as an electron, can enter a material with sufficient force to move faster than light within that material. (The speed of light within a given material is called the phase velocity of light in that medium.) In this case, the charged particle emits a form of electromagnetic radiation thats become called Cherenkov radiation. The Confirmed Exception There is one way around the speed of light restriction. This restriction only applies to objects that are moving through spacetime, but its possible for spacetime itself to expand at a rate such that objects within it are separating faster than the speed of light. As an imperfect example, think about two rafts floating down a river at a constant speed. The river forks into two branches, with one raft floating down each of the branches. Though the rafts themselves are each always moving at the same speed, they are moving faster in relation to each other because of the relative flow of the river itself. In this example, the river itself is spacetime. Under the current cosmological model, the distant reaches of the universe is expanding at speeds faster than the speed of light. In the early universe, our universe was expanding at this rate, as well. Still, within any specific region of spacetime, the speed limitations imposed by relativity do hold. One Possible Exception One final point worth mentioning is a hypothetical idea put forth called variable speed of light (VSL) cosmology, which suggests that the speed of light itself has changed over time. This is an extremely controversial theory and theres little direct experimental evidence to support it. Mostly, the theory has been put forward because it has the potential to solve certain problems in the evolution of the early universe without resorting to inflation theory.

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Activity Based Costing - Essay Example More than that, it traces back the cost to the activities and processes (Heisinger, 2010). Above all, use of activity based costing (ABC) method especially in companies with diverse centers and distribution channels has proven to be suitable. Unlike other methods, the activity based costing (ABC) method ensures that there exists a direct correlation between the related overhead costs and the occurrence of an activity (Chang, 2010). Without doubt, the marketing manager decision to use the activity based costing (ABC) method, as a way of critically analyzing the customer support and distribution costs is more suitable, as compared to taking the store with the highest contribution margin ratio.... Without doubt, the marketing manager decision to use the activity based costing (ABC) method, as a way of critically analyzing the customer support and distribution costs is more suitable, as compared to taking the store with the highest contribution margin ratio. Workings Cost allocation based on revenue Total revenue is $ 500,000 1) Department Stores = $150,000/ $500,000 = 0.3 2) Specialty Shops = $100,000/ 500,000 = 0.2 3) Gift Shops = $250,000/500,000 = 0.5 (Bragg, 2002) i) Variable production cost is $150,000 Department Stores = $150,000 * 0.3= $45,000 Specialty Shops = $150,000 * 0.2 = $ 30,000 Gift Shops = $150,000 * 0.5 = $ 75,000 ii) Production Overhead $120,000 Department Stores = $120,000 * 0.3= $36,000 Specialty Shops = $120,000 * 0.2 = $ 24,000 Gift Shops = $120,000 * 0.5 = $ 60,000 iii) Selling & Distribution Costs $180,000 Department Stores = $180,000 * 0.3= $54,000 Specialty Shops = $180,000 * 0.2 = $ 36,000 Gift Shops = $180,000 * 0.5 = $ 90,000 Activity Based Costin g (ABC). Total costs/No of orders places $40,000 10 90 900 Cost drive is the number of orders placed Department Stores = $40,000 * 10/1000= $400 Specialty Shops = $40,000 * 90/1000 = $ 3,600 Gift Shops = $40,000 * 900/1000 = $ 36,000 (Finkler, Ward & Baker, 2007) Total costs/No of sales calls 80,000 5 195 800 Cost drive is the number of sales calls Department Stores = $80,000 * 5/1000= $400 Specialty Shops = $80,000 * 195/1000 = $ 15,600 Gift Shops = $80,000 * 800/1000 = $ 64,000 Total costs/No of shipments 60,000 20 480 1,000 Department Stores = $60,000 * 20/1500= $800 Specialty Shops = $60,000 * 480/1500 = $ 19,200 Gift Shops = $60,000 * 1000/1500 = $ 40,000 Allocation of other costs is based on the

Art History Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art History Writing - Assignment Example These paintings were oil based and mostly portrait. The influence of religion on the approach used by the artist of the era in the presentation of their ideas is evident from the type of pictures and paintings produced. Both the sculptures and painting of the era comprised of beautiful figures moving gracefully in multi-figure compositions conveying humanity and the perfection of God. Despite the growing influence of the Italian renaissance humanism, it was not able to influence artists outside Italy (Kleiner 589). Therefore, artists in Europe were not influenced by the humanism approach employed in the art from Italy. Northern painters travelled to Rome and are known as Romanists because they were influenced by the works of Michelangelo and exhibited the stylistic tendencies of mannerism. The northern renaissance in northern Europe was not influenced by the Italian renaissance but was closely linked with the protestant reformation. The series of internal and external conflicts between the Roman Catholic Church and the protestant groups had a lasting effect on the type of art developed in northern Europe. In contrast to the 1500 to 1600 art, the 1700 t0 1800 art was comprised of the concept of enlightenment. The frivolous paintings of Fragonard and the politically charged moralizing images of David influenced art (Kleiner 583). The leadership of the king of France who ruled by divine light and the development of the enlightenment thinkers indicates a change from the 1600 art. The art of the era was defined by Neo-classicism, which included the support of the revolution. It exhibited movement from the roman art that proceeded the era, which contributed significantly to the characteristics of the art depicted by Mona Lisa painting, and other paintings related to Christianity. In fact, the roman art was based on religion and the perfection of God and the role of spirituality in changing the behaviors of people with the focus being on the nature of

Chinese Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

Throughout China's encased history it has developed much differently than western parts of the world. Chinese culture varies greatly compared to ours. These great differences between eastern culture and western culture make China a very interesting place. Some of the vast differences include literature, social structure, and government. The greatest difference is Chinese philosophy and way of thinking. China has developed a strict system of tradition that has given China great advantages and disadvantages. This is shown in Chinese literature. Tradition in China is a set of unwritten laws. This is why China turned its eyes from the outside world and looked in. China found everything it needed in Tradition (4). The strong traditions and customs play probably the greatest factor in the life of a Chinese person. This strict philosophy influences marriage, children, family, and duty in life. Marriage is much different and has different levels of companionship. One man may have many wives and or concubines. The status of these wives and concubines are very important. The lower you are on the husband's list the lower you were treated (1). When in a marriage if you were having children a son would be most desirable for you to have. You would be thought better of if you produced a son. This shows the male dominance in Chinese culture. Once a son was born the expectations for him were great. He was supposed to learn all great literature and be very scholarly (2). A girl, also was supp...

Promote Equality Essay

Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity The current codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity are as follows:- Every Child Matters 2003 and Children Act 2004 updated in 2010 Help Children Achieve More – Organisations and agencies involved with children between birth and 19 years should ensure children to be Safe, Healthy, Enjoy and Achieve, Economic well-being and Positive contribution. Equality Act 2010 – Anti-discrimination legislation. To reinforce inclusion of any child regardless of disability or race.  SEN code of Practice 2001- The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. Strengthened the rights of parents and SEN children to a main stream education.  Human Rights Act 1998 – Highlighted the principle that all humans have the same rights and should be treated equally.  UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 leads on from the Human Rights Act and sets out the rights of all children to be treated equally and fairly and without discrimination. 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access It is important to promote the rights of all children and young adults to participation and equality of access for the reasons of:- A. Human Rights All children have a right to learn and play together. Children should not be discriminated against for any reason. Inclusion is concerned with improving schools for staff as well as pupils. B. Equal Opportunities in education Children do better in inclusive settings, both academically and socially. Children should not need to be separated to achieve adequate educational provision. Inclusive education is a more efficient use of educational resources. C. Social Opportunities Inclusion in education is one aspect of inclusion in society. Children need to be involved and integrated with all of their peers. 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people The benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity are that children will grow up in an environment which values cultural diversity and enables us to learn from one another. Children will also become used to finding out about other cultures and beliefs from an early age. In this way they will not grow up thinking that their own culture is the same as everyone else’s. Children from all backgrounds need to know that their culture and status is valued to help them feel settled and secure. This then contributes to their being able to learn. If they feel isolated or anxious, it is more likely that learning will be difficult for them.

Freedom Is Impossible For All While Some Remain Enslaved

14. Some have argued that freedom is impossible for all while some remain enslaved. Identify a specific example of modern slavery (timeframe, country, and people affected) and discuss how this affects our assumptions of ubiquitous liberty. Freedom is a fundamental birth right, which empowers people to speak, and do as they please without confinement or physical constraint. Freedom is the act of allowing an individual to act independently and choose independently, regardless of outside forces impeding on those choices and actions. Being examined, is the argument that freedom is possible for all, while some remain enslaved. Female Genital Mutilation abbreviated as FGM will be addressed as an example of modern day slavery. The history of†¦show more content†¦FGM is fundamentally cultural, and although there are some religious sentiments to the practice, there is no mention of FGM in the Sunnah nor the Quran. It is likely, FGM developed independently among specific ethnic groups as a means of puberty rites. Nevertheless, traditionally FGM ensures women’s virginity and extricates all female desire and sexuality. FGM is upheld by traditional values and principles. In countries including, Sierra Leone, and Kenya, FGM is culturally valued as a rite of passage to womanhood. Whereas, in Sudan, Somalia, and Egypt where marriage is fundamental to a woman’s social and economic survival, FGM is a precondition to marriage and is valued as a means of preserving a young girl’s virginity until she is married. FGM is a detrimental custom, guided by inter-generational attitudes. Uncircumcised young girls in these cultures is taboo. It is evident, FGM is entrenched in culture, and â€Å"we live in a world shaped by the culture to which we belong. We owe our very modes of thinking and assessment to it†¦chance too has a part in the events that confront us in our life and often stand in our way. We do not act in a vacuum and so we cannot be free in a vacuum†. Meaning, systematically, people have loss of freedom. FGM is oppressive through societal expectations and norms. Proponents may argue that FGM is traditional and necessary due to being aShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 Pagesit.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by his mother Harriet Bailey, who died when he was about 10 years old. At a young age, Douglass was picked to live in the home of a plantation owner Captain Anthony, whom some believe may have been his father. In his narrative that was published in 1845, sixteen years before the Civil War began, Douglass describes his life as a slave and his aspiration to become a free man. He describes the painful struggle to break freeRead MoreThe Death Of Harriet s Punishment1126 Words   |  5 Pagestimeline in which they are told. 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Even though his act was for entertainment purposes, Thomas Rice implied through hisRead MoreInfluence Of Slavery On American History1351 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth of the United States of America. From its beginning, slavery has divided America on its pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. Separating from its own oppressor on the words â€Å"That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights†¦ † while still holding these same beliefs and rights from men and women that were not white. Close to 40 percent of the population in the Southern â€Å"slave† states were the slaves themselves, so is it possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Great House Farm 924 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2017 Within the Circle Early in his narrative, Frederick Douglass stresses his lack of understanding and his absence of a personal history due to being enslaved. He begins by telling stories of his main home during his time as a slave: the Great House Farm. He focuses on the songs the slaves use to sing about the Great House Farm. While singing these songs, Douglass states about being â€Å"within the circle† (26). Frederick Douglass highlights his lack of a personal history history by stating thatRead MoreA Perfect World Is Not A Linear Path Of Progress Essay2451 Words   |  10 PagesIn a perfect world, history would be a linear path of progress. We would be able to see all events or periods of time as moving us forward. History would be logical, a simple string of cause and effect that leads to our present. But humans are far from logical and therefore our history is far from simple. Human history is convoluted and progress is slow. We often go backwards before forwards. Yet we often let these details of struggle and regression get ironed over for the sake of a smooth and idealiz edRead MoreThe Civil War, Gallagher And Manning s Arguments On Slavery Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagessometimes as a necessity if the Union were to remain safe or as the just course to take regarding African Americans.† He also differs from Manning in which he argues that many Northerners were against the emancipation of slaves because it not only gave more power to Southerners if it allowed slaves to be represented as whole people versus the 3/5ths of a person they counted as in the antebellum period. Gallagher even uses Captain Robert Shaw to argue that some Northerners believed the emancipation proclamationRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1808 Words   |  8 Pages Slavery is one of many unfortunate commonalities among cultures, along with war, governmental corruption, and poverty. Nearly every country on the planet, at some point in their history, has condoned the owning of humans by other humans. It may be tempting to view the establishment of the United States as an idyllic endeavor in which enlightened people joined together to create a new republic; however, choosing this view is ignoring the truth. Slave labor built this country from its infancy, andRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans2857 Words   |  12 Pagesand needy even including the runaway slaves. During that time he joined a political organized black community group. Walker became involved with the nation s first African American newspaper, that went by the name Freedom s Journal out of New York City, in which Walker contributed some. He spent a lot of time studying the global history of slavery and was an amazing leader in his community that denounced slavery in the South and discrimination in the North. Walker delivered a speech to one of theRead MoreSymbolism in the Color Purple by Alice Walker Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Celie is shopping for the first time in her life for new clothes, she wants to get something purple. However, she cannot find any purple garment while seeing a lot of people wearing purple. This is a symbol of her search for love: she sees so many people who are loved and happy, yet no matter how long and hard she looks, it seems impossible to find love and happiness for herself . From the beginning of the letters, Celie herself is a symbol of complete powerlessness herself. She is